Arctic cod stocks around Greenland have declined and shifted north since the early 1990s, according to a new study led by the Greenland Institute of Natural Resources.
The research, published in Arctic Science on 16 February 2026, shows that polar cod (Boreogadus saida) numbers have fallen in both West and East Greenland. At the same time, the species has moved further north.
Scientists link the change mainly to climate factors. These include rising sea surface temperatures, less sea ice and shifts in zooplankton, which are key food for larvae and juveniles.
Key Arctic species under pressure
Polar cod is a central species in Arctic marine ecosystems. It transfers up to 75% of energy to higher levels in the food chain.
Changes in its numbers and range can affect other fish and seals. This also affects hunting and fishing opportunities for people in Greenland.
Catch data suggest that harp seals, which depend on polar cod, have also moved north. Researchers examined other factors, including predation by Atlantic cod and commercial fishing. However, climate change is the main driver.
Data from trawl surveys and local knowledge
The study combines bottom trawl surveys with knowledge from Greenlandic fishers and hunters. The results show rapid change over a few decades.
Researchers also found that existing bottom trawl surveys, originally designed for larger fish and shrimp, can be used cost-effectively to monitor polar cod and track major ecosystem shifts.
The findings point to climate change as the dominant force behind the decline and northward shift of polar cod around Greenland.
The full study was published in Arctic Science.